Questions
1. how legislation has forced building designers to improve water use
Select
A. Los Angeles has recently launched a new scheme to utilize floodwater in the Sun Valley section of the city. Result: less flooding and more water for the city. It may sound expensive, until we realise how much is spent trying to drain cities and protect areas from flooding, and how little this method achieves. B. Engineers are now turning to a different plan: to sap the water’s destructive strength by dispersing it into fields, forgotten lakes and flood plains. They are reviving river bends and marshes to curb the flow, and even plugging city drains to encourage floodwater to use other means to go underground. C. The Rhine, Europe’s most engineered river, is a good example. For a long time engineers have erased its backwaters and cut it off from its flood plain. The aim was partly to improve navigation and partly to speed floodwaters out of the Alps and down to the North Sea. D. The engineers calculate that the restored flood plain of the Drava River can now store up to 10 million cubic metres of floodwater, and slow down storm surges coming out of the Alps by more than an hour, protecting towns not only in Austria, but as far downstream as Slovenia and Croatia. E. Since that time, the Dutch have broken one of their most enduring national stereotypes by allowing engineers to punch holes in dykes. They plan to return up to a sixth of the country to its former waterlogged state in order to better protect the rest. F. A new breed of soft engineers wants cities to become porous. Tough new rules for new developments mean that drains will be prevented from becoming overloaded after heavy rains. Architects of new urban buildings are diverting rainwater from the roofs for use in toilets and the irrigation of roof gardens, while water falling onto the ground is collected in ponds, or passes underground through porous paving.
2. two reasons why one river was isolated from its flood plain
Select
A. Los Angeles has recently launched a new scheme to utilize floodwater in the Sun Valley section of the city. Result: less flooding and more water for the city. It may sound expensive, until we realise how much is spent trying to drain cities and protect areas from flooding, and how little this method achieves. B. Engineers are now turning to a different plan: to sap the water’s destructive strength by dispersing it into fields, forgotten lakes and flood plains. They are reviving river bends and marshes to curb the flow, and even plugging city drains to encourage floodwater to use other means to go underground. C. The Rhine, Europe’s most engineered river, is a good example. For a long time engineers have erased its backwaters and cut it off from its flood plain. The aim was partly to improve navigation and partly to speed floodwaters out of the Alps and down to the North Sea. D. The engineers calculate that the restored flood plain of the Drava River can now store up to 10 million cubic metres of floodwater, and slow down storm surges coming out of the Alps by more than an hour, protecting towns not only in Austria, but as far downstream as Slovenia and Croatia. E. Since that time, the Dutch have broken one of their most enduring national stereotypes by allowing engineers to punch holes in dykes. They plan to return up to a sixth of the country to its former waterlogged state in order to better protect the rest. F. A new breed of soft engineers wants cities to become porous. Tough new rules for new developments mean that drains will be prevented from becoming overloaded after heavy rains. Architects of new urban buildings are diverting rainwater from the roofs for use in toilets and the irrigation of roof gardens, while water falling onto the ground is collected in ponds, or passes underground through porous paving.
3. how natural water courses in the past assisted flood control
Select
A. Los Angeles has recently launched a new scheme to utilize floodwater in the Sun Valley section of the city. Result: less flooding and more water for the city. It may sound expensive, until we realise how much is spent trying to drain cities and protect areas from flooding, and how little this method achieves. B. Engineers are now turning to a different plan: to sap the water’s destructive strength by dispersing it into fields, forgotten lakes and flood plains. They are reviving river bends and marshes to curb the flow, and even plugging city drains to encourage floodwater to use other means to go underground. C. The Rhine, Europe’s most engineered river, is a good example. For a long time engineers have erased its backwaters and cut it off from its flood plain. The aim was partly to improve navigation and partly to speed floodwaters out of the Alps and down to the North Sea. D. The engineers calculate that the restored flood plain of the Drava River can now store up to 10 million cubic metres of floodwater, and slow down storm surges coming out of the Alps by more than an hour, protecting towns not only in Austria, but as far downstream as Slovenia and Croatia. E. Since that time, the Dutch have broken one of their most enduring national stereotypes by allowing engineers to punch holes in dykes. They plan to return up to a sixth of the country to its former waterlogged state in order to better protect the rest. F. A new breed of soft engineers wants cities to become porous. Tough new rules for new developments mean that drains will be prevented from becoming overloaded after heavy rains. Architects of new urban buildings are diverting rainwater from the roofs for use in toilets and the irrigation of roof gardens, while water falling onto the ground is collected in ponds, or passes underground through porous paving.
4. an example of flood control on one river, affecting three countries
Select
A. Los Angeles has recently launched a new scheme to utilize floodwater in the Sun Valley section of the city. Result: less flooding and more water for the city. It may sound expensive, until we realise how much is spent trying to drain cities and protect areas from flooding, and how little this method achieves. B. Engineers are now turning to a different plan: to sap the water’s destructive strength by dispersing it into fields, forgotten lakes and flood plains. They are reviving river bends and marshes to curb the flow, and even plugging city drains to encourage floodwater to use other means to go underground. C. The Rhine, Europe’s most engineered river, is a good example. For a long time engineers have erased its backwaters and cut it off from its flood plain. The aim was partly to improve navigation and partly to speed floodwaters out of the Alps and down to the North Sea. D. The engineers calculate that the restored flood plain of the Drava River can now store up to 10 million cubic metres of floodwater, and slow down storm surges coming out of the Alps by more than an hour, protecting towns not only in Austria, but as far downstream as Slovenia and Croatia. E. Since that time, the Dutch have broken one of their most enduring national stereotypes by allowing engineers to punch holes in dykes. They plan to return up to a sixth of the country to its former waterlogged state in order to better protect the rest. F. A new breed of soft engineers wants cities to become porous. Tough new rules for new developments mean that drains will be prevented from becoming overloaded after heavy rains. Architects of new urban buildings are diverting rainwater from the roofs for use in toilets and the irrigation of roof gardens, while water falling onto the ground is collected in ponds, or passes underground through porous paving.
5. a country which has partly destroyed one of its most typical features in order to control water
Select
A. Los Angeles has recently launched a new scheme to utilize floodwater in the Sun Valley section of the city. Result: less flooding and more water for the city. It may sound expensive, until we realise how much is spent trying to drain cities and protect areas from flooding, and how little this method achieves. B. Engineers are now turning to a different plan: to sap the water’s destructive strength by dispersing it into fields, forgotten lakes and flood plains. They are reviving river bends and marshes to curb the flow, and even plugging city drains to encourage floodwater to use other means to go underground. C. The Rhine, Europe’s most engineered river, is a good example. For a long time engineers have erased its backwaters and cut it off from its flood plain. The aim was partly to improve navigation and partly to speed floodwaters out of the Alps and down to the North Sea. D. The engineers calculate that the restored flood plain of the Drava River can now store up to 10 million cubic metres of floodwater, and slow down storm surges coming out of the Alps by more than an hour, protecting towns not only in Austria, but as far downstream as Slovenia and Croatia. E. Since that time, the Dutch have broken one of their most enduring national stereotypes by allowing engineers to punch holes in dykes. They plan to return up to a sixth of the country to its former waterlogged state in order to better protect the rest. F. A new breed of soft engineers wants cities to become porous. Tough new rules for new developments mean that drains will be prevented from becoming overloaded after heavy rains. Architects of new urban buildings are diverting rainwater from the roofs for use in toilets and the irrigation of roof gardens, while water falling onto the ground is collected in ponds, or passes underground through porous paving.
6. the writer’s comment on the comparative cost effectiveness of traditional flood control and newer methods
Select
A. Los Angeles has recently launched a new scheme to utilize floodwater in the Sun Valley section of the city. Result: less flooding and more water for the city. It may sound expensive, until we realise how much is spent trying to drain cities and protect areas from flooding, and how little this method achieves. B. Engineers are now turning to a different plan: to sap the water’s destructive strength by dispersing it into fields, forgotten lakes and flood plains. They are reviving river bends and marshes to curb the flow, and even plugging city drains to encourage floodwater to use other means to go underground. C. The Rhine, Europe’s most engineered river, is a good example. For a long time engineers have erased its backwaters and cut it off from its flood plain. The aim was partly to improve navigation and partly to speed floodwaters out of the Alps and down to the North Sea. D. The engineers calculate that the restored flood plain of the Drava River can now store up to 10 million cubic metres of floodwater, and slow down storm surges coming out of the Alps by more than an hour, protecting towns not only in Austria, but as far downstream as Slovenia and Croatia. E. Since that time, the Dutch have broken one of their most enduring national stereotypes by allowing engineers to punch holes in dykes. They plan to return up to a sixth of the country to its former waterlogged state in order to better protect the rest. F. A new breed of soft engineers wants cities to become porous. Tough new rules for new developments mean that drains will be prevented from becoming overloaded after heavy rains. Architects of new urban buildings are diverting rainwater from the roofs for use in toilets and the irrigation of roof gardens, while water falling onto the ground is collected in ponds, or passes underground through porous paving.
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