Question 1
1. However, Watkin Tench was also still very different from the upper class rulers who came to rule over the crew. He showed humanity and mercy towards the convicted workers.
Military personnel in New South Wales treated convicts kindly.
Question 2
2. The convicts were notoriously ill-informed about Australian geography.
The convicts had a good knowledge of Australian geography.
Question 3
3. When Pepperberg began her dialogue with parrot Alex, many scientists believed animals were incapable of any thought. They were simply machines, robots, programmed to react to stimuli but lacking the ability to think or feel.
When Pepperberg started her experiment, the cognitive skills of animals were widely acknowledged in the scientific community.
Question 4
4. Certain skills are considered key signs of higher mental abilities: a grasp of grammar and symbols, self-awareness, good memory, understanding others’ motives, imitating others, and being creative.
The ability to remember things is thought to indicate a higher mental capacity.
Question 5
5. Bit by bit, in ingenious experiments, researchers have documented these talents in other species, gradually chipping away at what we thought made human beings distinctive, while offering a glimpse of where our own abilities came from: sheep can recognise faces; chimpanzees use a variety of tools to probe termite mounds and even use weapons to hunt small mammals; dolphins can imitate human postures. And Alex the parrot turned out to be a surprisingly good talker.
It has taken scientists some time to demonstrate that humans share certain skills with other species.
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