练习说明
段落填空 题目要求： 阅读文段，从文中挑选原词补全句子，每道题目都有特定的字数要求，以黑体加粗字标示。请把答案填到每题空缺处。
Questions 7 – 13
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
原文
E After an examination of the effects of density, researchers began to turn their attention to identifying the conditions under which high density leads to
crowding, stress and behavioural effects. A number of factors have been
found to influence the amount of crowding people will experience. First, the focus of our attention determines when we will feel crowded. When other people who are violating our personal space become the centre of our
attention, we will attribute our arousal and discomfort to their closeness. This will result in our feeling crowded. For example, at an athletics event people's attention is focused on the competition and not on the other spectators: as a result, they are not likely to experience much crowding.
But if the spectators
are trying to leave the area after the event is over, they may experience
crowding because they now see other people as preventing them from leaving as quickly as they would like to. Another area where high density may lead to crowding is when people feel that they have no control over their environment. The experience of a person in a packed department store can lead to feelings of utter helplessness; not only is it difficult to get to the cashier, but it is not
possible to go against the flow of people moving into the store. Crowding is
also likely to be felt when people cannot achieve the kind of privacy they want. Privacy means being able to choose whether or not to interact with others.When high density forces us to interact with others against our will, we may experience crowding.
F While high density by itself does not necessarily lead to negative reactions
from people, the research on crowding presents a different picture. Crowding often has a negative impact on our emotions, performance and interpersonal relations. One common result is that we are less attracted to people in
crowded than in non-crowded conditions. Interestingly enough, this effect has been consistently found for males but not for females. This may be due to the larger personal space areas (zones) that males have or else to a tendency for females to act co-operatively, while males are more likely to respond to others competitively. This may explain why there is often a high incidence of violence in male prisons. Also, in addition to tending toward aggression, people are less likely to help others in crowded, as opposed to non-crowded, environments.